天然林资源保护工程对长白山林区森林生态系统服务功能的影响

Evaluation on the influence of natural forest protection program on forest ecosystem service function in changbai mountain

森林生态系统具有多种服务功能,对生态安全、生物资源和生存环境的保护、实现社会经济可持续发展起着重要的作用。依据国家林业局发布的《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721—2008),对涵养水源功能、保育土壤功能、固碳释氧功能、积累营养物质功能、净化大气功能5个方面进行评价,量化揭示天然林资源保护工程实施对长白山林区森林生态系统服务功能物质量及其价值的影响。结果表明:从1998年开始试点,到2010年一期正式结束,森林生态系统各项服务功能的物质量和价值量均呈现增加趋势。在涵养水源功能方面,调节水量增加了657.28×104m3,累计增加价值为113.45亿元;在保育土壤功能方面,固土量增加了4.6×104t,土壤中减少的氮流失0.02×104t,减少的磷流失0.01×104t,减少钾流失0.01×104t,累计增加价值为2.92亿元;在固碳释氧功能方面,固碳量增加了0.64×104t,释氧量增加了0.36×104t,累计增加价值为0.11亿元;在积累营养物质功能方面,固氮量、固磷量、固钾量均增加0.01×104t,累计增加价值0.3亿元;在净化大气功能方面,吸收二氧化硫、氟化物、氮氧化物、滞尘量分别增加24.71×104kg、0.64×104kg、1.08×104kg、1962.76×104kg,累计增加价值5.09亿元。森林生态系统服务功能价值总量增加了121.87亿元,平均每年增加约10亿元,超过工程每年各项投资之和。价值量增加额度依次为:1)涵养水源功能;2)固碳释氧功能;3)保育土壤功能;4)净化大气功能;5)积累营养物质功能。这些增加量只有一部分为工程区当地利用,其余都贡献到全国乃至全球。因此,及时制定和启动生态补偿等一系列政策和措施,将对更好的实施天然林资源保护工程、实现林区的可持续发展具有重要作用。

The forest ecosystem has a variety of natural and social service functions. It plays an important role in ecological security, biological species protection, conservation of the living environment, and realizing the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the ＂Forest Ecosystem Services Assessment Standards （LY/T1721-2008）＂ issued by the State Forestry Administration, this paper evaluates five key functions of forest ecosystems-water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, nutrient accumulation, and atmospheric environment purification. Focusing on the Changbai Mountain forest region in Northeast China, this study provides some quantitative evidence that the implemenationt of the Natural Forest Protection Program （NFPP） initiated in 1998 has had positive effects on the values and material quantities of ecosystem service functions. The results show that both material and value quantities of these functions tended to increase in the 12 years following the initiation of the program, the first phase of which was completed in 2010. With respect to water resource conservation, the amount of increment regulating water flow has been 657.28× 104 m3, reflecting a cumulative increase in value of 11.345 billion RMB. Regarding soil conservation, the amount of increment of soil fixation was 4.6×104 t, while the amount of reduction in nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss and potassium loss has been 0. 02×104 t, 0. 01 × 104 t, and 0. 01 × 104 t, respectively. The cumulative increase in value of soil conservation is 0. 29 billion RMB. With respect to the carbon fixation and oxygen release function, the increments of carbon fixation and oxygen release have been O. 64×104 t and 0.36×104 t, respectively, with a the cumulative increase in value of 11 million RMB. Regarding nutrient accumulation, the nitrogen content, solid phosphorus content, and solid potassium content each increased by 0. 01×104 t, with a cumulative increase in value of 30 million RMB. Finally, in regard to the atmospheric environment purification function, the absorption of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluorides and dust have increased by 24.71×104 kg, 0. 64×104 kg, 1.08×104 kg and 1962.76×104 kg, respectively, with a cumulative increase in value of 0. 51 billion RMB. On an overall basis, from 1998-2010, the gross value of all of the aforementioned forest ecosystem service functions increased by 12.19 billion RMB, which is equivalent to an average annual rise of approximately 1 billion RMB. This exceeded the total annual investments. The aggregate values of the ecosystem services over this period were ranked in the following order： 1 ） water conservation; 2） carbon fixation and oxygen release function; 3） soil conservation function; 4） atmospheric environment purification; 5） nutrient accumulation. While not all of the values created via implementation of the NFPP were captured by the local forest region, other value increments were experienced by the entire country and even on a global scale as well. From a national perspective, it will be important to draft and launch a series of policies and measures for ecological compensation in a timely manner, which will not only insure social justice but also enhance the potential that the ongoing implementation of the NFPP will further strengthen both resource protection and the sustainable development of China＇s natural forests.