农村合作社运动与第三条道路:争论与反思

The Cooperative Campaign in Rural Areas and the Third Path:Debate and Reflections

农村合作社运动正盛行中国,然而这种盛行背后却已存在诸多争议。有些人质疑是否应该提倡农民专业合作社;有些人则批评现今大部分合作社都是"假"合作社;还有些人提出应以日本、韩国和台湾地区的综合性农民协会作为仿效对象。这些争论既关乎农村合作社,但又不局限于农村合作社,实际上涉及了中国发展的道路之争。20世纪30年代,农村合作社在中国也曾风靡一时,与之相伴的则是知识分子对中国未来的激烈争辩。本文将比较两个时期的知识分子关于发展农村合作社的观点和争论,这不仅是因为,两次合作社运动在社会认知方面、社会性质的判断和社会改良诉求方面有可比之处,更是因为两次运动各自存在着的结构性困境。在中国农村迅速变迁的当下,对20世纪30年代那场论辩的回顾,可以给我们今天遇到的问题提供必要的启示。

A cooperative campaign is now in full momentum in China. There are a lot of controversies going on behind it. Some suggest that we should instead promote specialized cooperatives among the farmers. Some dismiss the majority of the mushrooming cooperatives as'fake.'Some propose to take the comprehensive farming associations in Japan,South Korea and Taiwan as our models. These controversies are not just relevant to the agricultural cooperative,they bear upon the debate over China's path of development. In 1930 s,an agricultural cooperative campaign was also prevalent in China,which was accompanied by furious debates among the intellectuals over China's future. This paper brings the views and arguments of the intellectuals in these two periods concerning the development of rural cooperative into comparison. We find that the two cooperative campaigns bear similarity with each other in terms of social cognition,judgement of social nature,and the appeal for social reform. We also find that both campaigns are faced with structural predicament. As Chinese rural areas are undergoing rapid transformation,a review of the debate in 1930 s will give us inspiration in addressing current issues.