狂犬病病毒流行病学特征与实验室诊断技术的研究进展

Research Progress on the Epidemiological Characteristics and Diagnosis Technology of Rabies Virus

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的以中枢神经系统感染为特征的一种人兽共患病。狂犬病病毒具有嗜神经性,能在人和多种哺乳动物中引起致死性感染,病死率几乎为100%。除常规的临床诊断外,狂犬病的确诊依赖于实验室诊断方法,方法主要有病原学诊断、血清学诊断和分子生物学诊断方法等。狂犬病作为一种人兽共患烈性传染病,呈全球分布的态势,中国每年因狂犬病病毒感染而导致死亡的人数居全球第2位。因此,加强对该病的病原学、流行病学特征的认识、加快实验室诊断方法的研究对其综合防控工作具有十分重要的意义。作者主要介绍了目前国内外狂犬病流行病学特征和诊断方法的研究进展,并比较了各种方法的优点和缺点,为狂犬病的临床快速诊断和深入研究提供科学依据。

Rabies is a zoonosis caused by rabies virus,which has been characterized by infection of central nervous system. Rabies virus, which can cause fatal infections in humans and other mam- mals,has the characteristic of infecting neurotropic,and the mortality rate caused by rabies is al- most 100 %. Routine diagnosis of rabies include clinical symptoms,while a final diagnosis depends on laboratory diagnostic methods, such as etiological diagnosis, serological diagnosis and molecular biological diagnosis. As a zoonotic infectious disease, there is a global distribution situation of the rabies,and the number of deaths caused by rabies virus infection in China is the second in the world. Therefore, strengthening the awareness of disease etiology and epidemiology is very impor- tant to comprehensive prevention measures of rabies. The author mainly introduced the research progress on pathogen,epidemiology and diagnosis technology of rabies virus. In addition,the ad- vantages and disadvantages of various methods were compared respectively, in order to provide scientific basis for the further study and rapid diagnosis of rabies.