明代御窑窑炉及烧成工艺探究

Kiln Furnaces of Ming Dynasty Imperial Porcelain Factory and Firing Technology

本文首先介绍了御窑遗址出土的明早期葫芦形窑和中晚期的馒头形窑,阐明御窑从使用葫芦形窑转变到使用馒头形窑的必然性。并结合出土迹象与文献,认为宣德至万历时期的御窑馒头形窑皆为前窄后宽式,万历中期以后变为前后等宽,变化的过程是在原地不断由窑尾向窑头推进。还推算出:明初有官窑20座;宣德时期有官窑58座,包括龙缸大窑32座,青窑6座,色窑、熿窑20座,宣德中期,将16座龙缸大窑改建成青窑;嘉靖、万历时期有龙缸大窑16座,熿窑及色窑20座,青窑44座。此外,对窑炉的分工也进行了考证,认为熿窑是烘烧低温釉的窑炉,而非以往认为的烘彩炉;色窑是烧制高温颜色釉的窑炉,而非以往认为的是烧造低温颜色釉的;风火窑是烧造半成品的窑炉,而非以往认为的是诸窑的总称。

This paper begins with the transformation from early Ming dynasty double-gourdshaped kilns to mid-to-late Ming dome-shaped kilns excavated at the Imperial Porcelain Factory site in Jingdezhen. Based on excavation and historical records, the author holds that dome-shaped kiln furnaces from the Xuande to Wanli period are narrower at the front, while those of the mid Wanli period and after are of the same width at the front and rear. The same kiln furnace was rebuilt several times from the end to the front. It is estimated that there were twenty governmental kilns in the early Ming; in the Xuande period, there were fifty-eight governmental kilns, including thirty-two ＂龙缸大窑＂ six ＂青窑＂ and twenty ＂色窑＂ and ＂[火监]熿窑＂; in the mid Xuande period, sixteen ＂龙缸大窑＂ were transformed into ＂青窑＂; in the Jiajing to Wanli period, there were sixteen ＂龙缸大窑＂; twenty ＂[火监]熿窑＂ and＂色窑＂ and forty-four ＂青窑＂. As to the functions of kiln furnaces, it is pointed out that ＂[火监]熿窑＂ were used to fire low temperature glazes rather than previous believed to fire enamels; ＂色窑＂ were used for high temperature coloured glazes rather than low temperature coloured glazes; ＂风火窑＂ is not a general term but refers to kiln furnaces to fire semi-finished products. Key Words： Ming dynasty; Imperial Porcelain Factory; double-gourd-shaped kiln; dome- shaped kiln