一组以“怪”为核心语素表“醒悟”义词语的形式及语法化问题

The Structural Types and their Grammaticalization of a Group of Words headed by Guai and with the Meaning of Awakening

现代汉语以"怪"为核心语素表达"醒悟"义的词语有肯定、否定两类。肯定类有"怪道、怪得、怪来"等,否定类主要有"怪不得、难怪"。两类的语用推理和表达视角不同:肯定类通过"怪"的传疑属性基于对比语境和逆向推理获得语用否定实现主观"醒悟"义,语义基础来自表"奇怪"义的形容词"怪"的意动用法;否定类在"醒悟"义完型框架下通过否定语素、原因副词、语气词等标记进行语用明示促成词汇化,语义基础来自表"责怪"义的动词"怪"。语法化完成后,肯定、否定两类词语在主观醒悟"不觉得奇怪"义上取得交集从而发展成为一组同义词。

This paper discusses the issues of the grammaticalization oi a group of words that are headed by guai （怪） as a core morphe and with the meaning of awakening. While they can all mean awakening, the implications of them can be differently, some are positive and others are negative. The words indicating positive meaning includes guaidao （怪道）, guaide （怪得）, guailai （怪来）, etc. Those indicating negative are guaibude （怪不得）, nanguai （难怪） and so on. They are different in both the pragmatic inferences and expressing perspectives. The positive kind gets the subjective meaning of awakening in the contradistinctive context and reductive inference, whose semantic basis is adjective ＂strange＂. The negative kind gets the subiective meaning of awakening mainly through the negative markers, adverbs and modal particles, whose semantic basis is verb ＂blame＂. After the grammaticalization has been achieved, the those words headed by guai and convey positive meaning and negative meaning respectively share an intersection in denoting ＂don＇t feel strange＂, and then become a group of synonyms.