人工腰椎间盘置换研究应用进展

Research Progress of Clinical Application of the Artificial Disc

椎间盘病变是脊柱外科的常见疾病,是成年人疼痛和致残的常见原因,常常给人带来沉重的肉体和经济负担。经过长时间的发展与脊柱外科手术的进步,常规手术治疗在临床上虽然取得了一定的疗效,但是没有保留脊柱的生理运动功能,对临近阶段的椎间盘的退变起到促进作用,并且腰椎运动节段的融合加快了邻近节段椎间盘和小关节的退变。腰椎独特的解剖学特点和生物力学的研究及不同材质和特点的人工椎间盘材料的发展使人工椎间盘手术成为可能。与常规手术方式相比,人工椎间盘假体设计与人生理的解剖结构更加吻合。术后可以保持瞬时和长期的稳定性,从而对邻近的椎间盘的退变起到抑制作用。取得了较好的疗效。人工椎间盘置换术作为治疗腰椎间盘除腰椎融合之外的另一合理选择,目的是使退变导致的疼痛可以稳定长期缓解,并重建椎间隙高度以保护神经,从而避免晚期关节突关节及邻近节段的病变,恢复脊柱的运动学和载荷特性。目前人工腰椎间盘有了长远的发展,适应症不断扩大,但仍有较多限制。期待在将来能够找出更加符合人体生物力学特点的材料和设计,使之成为一种更为有效的治疗腰椎疾病的治疗方式。现就人工椎间盘的类型、疗效、适应证、禁忌证以及术后并发症等方面予以综述。

Degenerative disc disease is not only a common disease in the area of spinal surgery,but also one of the main reasons for the low back pain of the adults and disability, making the big burden of physical and social. Conventional operation method has some clinical efficacy, but it accelerates the segment disc degeneration and retained the physiological motor function. The lumbar motion segment fusion accelerated degeneration of adjacent segment disc and facet joint. Further study of lumbar functional anatomy and biomechanics made development of modern artificial disc device of different structures and materials possible. Compared with the regular treatment, artificial disc prosthesis design is consistent with the anatomical structure of human cervical spine, ensuring that the instantaneous and long-term stability after surgery with good effect achieved. Besides the lumbar fusion, artificial lumbar disc replacement has become another choice in treating the lumbar degenerative diseases. The purpose is to release the pain which caused by the degenerative disc for a long period and to reconstruct the height of intervertebral disc in order to protect the nerve tissue. Retaining the spinal movement was in order to avoid degeneration of facet joints and adjacent segments, then, restore the spinal characteristic of kinematics and load at last. At present, the artificial lumbar hasa long development, but there is still more limited. Look forward to find out the new and useful materials and design accord with human body biomechanical characteristics, making it become a more effective way of treating lumbar disease in the future. Here is to make a review on the type of artificial disc and the efficacy,indications and contraindications, as well as the postoperative complications.