共犯论中的直接—间接模式之批判——兼及共犯论的方法论基础

Direct-Indirect Pattern in Joint Crimes and Its Criticism

构成要件论、法益论与规范论均认为,应将全体共同犯罪人区分为直接者与间接者。该模式符合直观的认识观念和朴素的正义情感,契合教义学中的存在论倾向和物本逻辑,因此对共犯论产生了持久而深远的影响。但是,直接——间接模式不仅与刑法教义学中的间接正犯、共同正犯、义务犯和未遂犯等理论冲突不断,还间接催生了共犯论中的诸多极端观点,阻碍了归责理念在共犯论中的贯彻,并抵制着共犯论方法论基础的更新。摒弃潜在影响了共犯论数百年之久的直接——间接模式,彻底走出存在论的迷思,也许是从共犯论困局中脱身的必由之路。

According to the dominated study on joint crimes,the result of crime repute directly to the principal offender and indirectly to the accomplice. It conforms to the intuition and the simple just emotion,obtains support from the ontological tendency of methodology,and agrees with the self-responsibility principle,so it embraces many reasonable ingredients. However,when it faces the indirect principal offender,the common principal offender,the offence of duty and attempted crimes,the direct-indirect pattern will result in so many conflicts,which the criminal law is unable to overcome.Therefore the direct-indirect pattern,which has potentially impacted the theory of joint crime for hundreds of years,should be completely driven out of it,and a re-normative understanding of the joint crime is required.