处所被字句处所角色的识别方式:优势和局限性

Recognition Methods of Locative Roles in the Locative Bei Sentences: Advantages and Limitations

汉语被字句的主语可以由处所角色充当,构成处所被字句。被字句处所角色可以是"N·方"形式,可以是处所词形式,也可以是普通名词形式。被字句主语位置上处所角色的识别,通常涉及到方所标记和动词的格关系两种方式。利用方所标记识别处所角色,可以很直观地判断被字句处所角色的处所身份和事物的具体方位。利用动词的格关系识别处所角色,是基于动词配价的做法,可以弄清被字句中的处所角色到底是哪一种处所角色类型(场所、源点、终点)以及处所角色的典型性。这两种方法有它的优势,同时也存在局限性。基于构式语法的句式配价,强调被字句的句式义对处所角色的影响,强调用被字句句式特征理解处所角色,可以看出被字句处所角色已经成了句式论元角色即受影响者论元角色,这种做法可以弥补动词配价的不足。分析表明,把动词配价和句式配价结合起来分析,深入研究动词和句式的互动,才能更全面、更准确地理解被字句主语位置上的处所角色。

The subject of Bei sentences in Chinese can be a locative role, which helps to constitute locative Bei sentences. Locative roles in Bei sentences can be positional phrases or locative words. The recognition of locative roles in the subject position of Bei sentences usually involve locative markers and case relations of verbs, in which the former can identify the locative status of the locative roles and the concrete positions of the objects, while the latter are based on verb valance and can identify the types and typicality of locative roles. Both of the two ways have advantages and limitations. Sentence pattern valence based on construction grammar can compensate for the limitations of verb valance by stressing on the influence of the sentence pattern meaning and the characteristics of sentence pattern. This study shows that the combination of the verb valence and sentence pattern valence in studying the interaction between verbs and sentence patterns in depth can help to comprehend the location role in the subject position of Bei sentences more comprehensively and accurately.