超越“第二”之后——波伏娃的生态学管窥

After Transcending the Second: An Ecocritical Reading of Beauvoir

在《第二性》中,波伏娃分析并发展了女性作为"他者"的阐释框架,而这个理论体系成为生态女性主义的理论根源之一:父权话语体制分离了自我与他者,将超越的主体性脱离出肉体/自然的限制。生育、母性等女性的自然属性被父权社会视为他者和第二性,女性由此也与自然同样成为父权话语超越、排异、统治的对象。然而波伏娃仍然没有走出二元论的局限,她所指出的救赎之路要求女性超越自然属性,这样的超越仍然没有超越西方线性发展观,其反生态的意识也必不能实现女性的解放。波伏娃的写作中亦包含和谐思想的萌芽,如果依此线索,或能寻求到真正的超越之道:消除二元对立、自我对他者的压迫,取得男性与女性、人类与自然等等关系的和解。

In her 1949 monograph The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir developed an interpretative framework which would become one of the theoretical sources of ecofeminism. She argues that the patriarchal system, separating self and other, elevates a transcending subjectivity that frees itself from the confinement of body/nature. Birth and maternity, classified by patriarchal discourses as ＂second＂ along with women, have been reduced to objects to be transcended, excluded and dominated. Yet the redemption suggested by Beauvoir demands that women overcome their nature and thus fails to transcend patriarchal dualism and linear progress to actually achieve women＇s liberation. There are seeds of harmony in her writing, nevertheless, which anticipate a real transcendence by eradicating dualistic domination and finally reconciling men with women, human with nature.