汉代县域监察体制的布局与冲突

Structure and Conflicts of the County-level Supervision Institution in Han Dynasty

根据出土的金石、简牍文字,结合文献记载,可知汉代县域的监察制度既有郡监察县的上级监察部分,也有县令长仿效郡域督邮监察方式而进行的县域监控体制。由于汉代县一级官员是由中央任命,而乡、里一级官员都由乡里产生,二者代表的利益存在一定冲突;尤其是啬夫、亭长级官员被郡守用为督邮,转而监察本县时,会激起本县令长及其僚佐的极大反感。由于汉代县级长官的任命、去职都不如后世严格,其权力又无所不统,按理来说回旋的空间应该很大,但在当时的回避制、禁锢制等时代背景下,导致县域监察成为汉代地方监察体制中冲突最激烈的一环,任命的无序及擅自弃职等成为汉代县级长官的特色。

Various historical records indicate that the county-level supervision institution in Han Dynasty included both the supervision from the higher authority （Jun-level） and the lo- cal departments led by the county magistrate. County-level officers were appointed by the central government, while the township-level officers were usually from the towns and districts, thus the interests of the two groups collided. Meanwhile, the systems of avoiding and debarring from holding office at that time made county-level supervision the most intensive conflicting one featured with disordered appointment and arbitrary resignation.