五四前后广州的手工业行会——以劳资关系为视点

The Craft Guilds in Guangzhou During the May Fourth Period:Centering on Relationships between Labor and Capital

"劳资合行"即劳资双方共生于同一行会,是中国传统行会作为"劳资共同体"组织结构的基本特点,也是广州早期劳资关系的主要组织形态。根据五四前后时人对广州手工业行会的相关调查不难发现,尽管在组织结构上已现"劳资分离"态势,但"劳资合行"的行会制度仍是根深蒂固,并依然支配着广州手工业劳资双方的日常生活:它不仅通过行规惯例的约束机制以强化劳资的会籍管理及其生产经营,同时还借助团结互助的激励机制来固结人心,弥缝劳资纷争,藉以维系行会在城市社会经济中的垄断地位与作用。际此"劳资合行"的行会制度与理念的长期浸润下,劳资阶级意识萌生的阻力可想而知。

'Labor-capital coordination',namely both labor and capital were symbiotic in the same guild,was the basic characteristic of organization structure of Chinese traditional guilds as a 'labor-capital community',and also was the main organization form of early relationships between labor and capital in Guangzhou.According to the related investigations of craft guilds made in Guangzhou during the May Fourth period,we can find the organization structure presented the situation of ' labor-capital separation',but the guild system of 'labor-capital coordination' was still deeply rooted in and dominated the daily life of both labor and capital in handicraft industry in Guangzhou:with the aid of the constraint mechanism of the regulations and practices to strengthen collective membership management and production and operation,as well as the incentive mechanism of mutual assistance to consolidate unity and dispel labor disputes,it maintained the guilds' monopoly statuses and roles in the urban social economy.