明代女真朝贡制度研究

A Study of the Tributary System of Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty

明代女真朝贡制度一经建立便很快进入全面发展时期,先后经历了建构、发展、整顿、破坏,以及由女真羁縻卫所朝贡制度演变为敕书朝贡制度的不同阶段。明朝将女真朝贡制度纳入王朝政治体系,由中央礼部、兵部和地方辽东都司、奴儿干都司(明前期)共同管理女真朝贡制度。其全力经营女真朝贡制度的主要目的:一是为营建"大一统"的国家规模;二是将女真朝贡制度纳入东北边疆的防御体系,防范和牵制北方蒙古部。从女真朝贡制度运作过程看,政治功能占主导地位,经济活动居次要地位,因此将女真朝贡活动简单地定位为女真朝贡贸易活动是不准确的。

The tributary system of Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty quickly entered a period of all-round development once established,and went through different phases of construction,development,reorganization,and destruction,as well as the change from the tributary system by Jurchens subordinated garrison to the one by imperial com-mand.The Ming Court included the Jurchens tribute into the political system of the empire,and made central departments of the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of War,together with the local Liaodong and Nurgan Regional Military Commissions,to manage the tribute.On the one hand,the full operation of the tributary system of Jurchens was aimed at strengthening national unification;on the other hand,it aimed at including the tributary system of Jurchens into the defense system of the Northeast border area to prevent and contain the Mongolians.Viewed from the operating process of the tributary system of Jurchens,the political function predominated,and the economic function was secondary,so it is inaccurate to simply define the Jurchens tribute as the activities of tributary trade.