惩罚性赔偿制度质疑——兼评《侵权责任法》第47条

Questions on Punishment Damages——Comments on Article 47 of Tort Law

引进惩罚性赔偿制度的主要目的是:惩罚恶意的侵权人,补偿受害人。但是,由于惩罚性赔偿金的数额难以科学计算,惩罚性赔偿适用条件苛刻,惩罚性赔偿不仅没有达到惩罚恶意侵权人的目的,反而可能伤及"无辜"。以受害人的损害结果作为加害人承担惩罚性赔偿责任的条件,造成同样的主观恶意,承担不同的法律责任。惩罚性赔偿可能与行政罚款和刑事罚金同时并存,导致一事双罚或三罚,违背过罚相当原则。另外,从现行有关惩罚性赔偿制度立法来看,惩罚性赔偿既适用于故意的侵权责任,也适用于重大过失的侵权责任,既适用于违约责任,也适用于违反强制性法律规定的法定责任。但迄今未能从理论上论证惩罚性赔偿适用的具体范围。之所以如此,是因为学界将经济法学的奖励制度,当作惩罚性赔偿制度,将奖励制度弥补政府监管失灵,误认为是惩罚侵权人、补偿受害人、教育其他人所致。

The main purpose of the system of punitive damages is ： to punish malicious trespasser and compensate the victim. It is difficulty to figure out the amount of punishment damages scientifically and meet the needs of punishment damages so that the punishment damages does not punish the trespasser but also may hurt ＂the innocent＂. The trespasser bears the responsibility of punishment damages according to the victim~ damage, which leads to bearing different responsibility under the same malice. The punitive damages , administrative fines and criminal fines will coexist, which may lead to double punishment or triple punishment which violates the principle of balance of malice and penalty. In addition, from the view of the current laws on the punitive dama- ges, the punitive damages is applied not only to intentional tort hut also applies to the gross negligence, not only to breach of con- tract but also to violation of the laws. So far the specific scope of application of punitive damages has not been demonstrated theo- retically. That is the reason why the material reward in economic law has been regarded as the punitive damages. To make up for the failure of government regulation is regarded as to punish the trespasser and compensate the victim.