少数民族就业纠偏行动:宪法平等原则的实施机制

Affirmative Action in Employment for Ethnic Minority in China: Practical Mechanism of the Ethnic Equality Principle of the Constitution

纠偏行动是矫正少数民族结构性就业困境的有效法律机制,也是国际社会解决民族就业矛盾的成功法治经验。当前,我国亟需通过就业纠偏行动缓解西部少数民族面临的结构性就业障碍。我国宪法有关实质平等的原则和规范为就业纠偏行动提供了法理基础,但是在宪法实施工作中依然存在着重视禁止就业歧视,忽视就业纠偏行动的现象,就业纠偏行动的制度性缺陷削弱了宪法平等原则的民族保障功能。为此,应当加强就业纠偏行动的立法工作,建立专门的行政执法机构,完善纠偏行动的司法救济制度,强制性的就业配额制度与引导性的雇主激励机制相结合,兼顾干部人事制度与劳动保障制度,构建预防歧视与纠偏行动相结合的民族就业平等保障机制。

Affirmative action is an effective mechanism to redress the structural barriers in the employment conditions of ethnic minorities. Historically, affirmative action is international society＇ s successful legal experience to address ethnic tensions in employment. Recently, the implementation of the PRC Constitution emphasizes the prohibition of direct discrimination, but overlooks the alternative method of using affirmative action policy to protect equality in practice. The intrinsic shortcomings of the affirmative action in employment compromise the intended function of realizing the Ethnic Equality Principle affirmed by the PRC Constitution. Therefore, the legislative branch of PRC should establish the new laws and strengthen the function of existing laws regarding affirmative action in employment. Moreover, the government should establish a specialized institution for administrative enforcement. The judicial system should enhance the judicial relief system of affirmative action. It is important to simultaneously promote mandatory employment quota system on one hand, and to encourage the employers to voluntarily improve employment op- portunities for ethnic minority groups on the other hand. Moreover, it is important to promote affirmative action not only in the government official employment and promotion system, but also in the labor employment relationship. It is important for laws regarding employment equality to prevent direct discrimination of employers and to use affirmative action policies to redress existing structural discrimination in employment.