代物清偿中的合意基础与清偿效果研究

The Foundation of Accord and the Effect of Solution in datio in solutum

虽然我国没有规定代物清偿制度,但最高院近年的公报案例已经承认这种法律关系,并将之看作是要物合同,这种观点以我国民法理论为基础。但这种做法会引发一系列问题,混淆清偿与要物行为的关系,把代物清偿协议看作是一种缔结要物合同的预约,甚至否认了未实际履行的清偿协议的效力,有违意思自治的原则。从私法史上看,代物清偿与要物合同是相互独立的,只是随着代物清偿与买卖合同的趋同,才引入了要物合同来区分它与买卖合同及债的更新这些近似制度。现代民法理论不再类推典型合同来构造它的法律关系,而从清偿合同的角度把它看作是以实现债权人对替代物的满足为目的的诺成性合同。这种趋势在最高院判决中初现端倪,未来的民法典应该采纳。

Datio in solutum is not included in the Chinese civil law, but recently, the bulletin case of the Supreme Court has recognized this institution as a real contract, which is resulted from the prevalent doctrine. But this theory and practice cause a series of problems, including the confusion of the solution with the real contract, the confusion of the accord of datio in solutm with the preliminary contract of the real contract, and the negation of the effect of a pure accord of datio in solutum. From the perspective of private law history, the datio in solutum is separated from the real contract in Roman law, but with the convergence of datio in solutum and the sale contract, the traditional theory had to introduce the pattern of real contract to divide them. The modern doctrine does not analogize the typical contract, on the con- trary, takes it as a consensual contract on the agreement of satisfaction. In the judgment of Supreme Court, we can find its clue and the civil code in the future should follow this way.