我国公益信托法律移植及其本土化 一种正本清源与直面当下的思考

Research on Public Trust Transplant and Localization Reform from the Bottom and Facing up to the Present Thinking

我国《信托法》规定的公益信托是英美慈善信托制度在我国的移植。作为一项移植的法律制度,必须正本清源地考察移植对象的本质、法律文本中的法律概念,法解释学中该制度的构成要件,并且直面当下地思考移植制度与本土资源的关系及本土化问题。将英美法中慈善信托移植为公益信托,是对概念的误读,这又导致解释学上对公益信托的构成要件过分强调其"公众性",反而忽略了慈善信托的本质在于其目的的"慈善性"。在我国已经有公益基金会的情况下,移植慈善信托,应将其作为行为制度来理解和运用,使其能够规制我国现实存在的社会募捐行为。至于本土化实践的公益信托金融理财产品,由以营利为宗旨的商事主体实施以社会公益为目的的公益信托,制度宗旨存在冲突,这类本土化形式不应该在我国得到大力鼓吹。故此,应对英美慈善信托进行"有机性移植",在我国《信托法》中取消公益信托单列一章的体例而在总则中规定:以慈善为目的而设立的信托是慈善信托,慈善信托的信托财产只能用于慈善事业。

The public trust is transplanted from charitable trust in Chinese（ trust law）. It is necessary to research the essenceof public trust, its legal concept, and the components in law hermeneutics. And anothernecessary research concerns the relation between the transplanted system and local resource in or- der to push on the localization. It is wrong to transplant the charitable trust into the public law. And It is unsuitableto focus on the ＂public＂ of public trust, however ignoringthe ＂charitable＂ aspect. The legisla- ture should use the public trust to regulate the social offering. It is not advisable to advocate the localiza- tion of the financial trust products. The public trust should be regulated through general rules in Chinese （trust law）, because the charitable trust is the trust whose purpose is charitable and its property should be usedby charitable enterprise.