边沁法哲学中的功利原理及其证明

Bentham's Principle of Utility in the Philosophy of Law and Its Argumentations

功利原理是边沁法哲学和整个功利主义学说的立论基础,是功利主义者批判其他理论体系的工具和武器,也是功利主义的理论对手批评的靶心和焦点。在功利原理的几种表达中,"最大幸福原理"是晚期边沁最常使用的,但几种表达并没有本质的区别。功利原理是行为的指导,也是规则的评价标准,不能用后世"行为"与"规则"的对立来定义边沁。边沁对功利原理的证明过程中从"事实"到"规范"的过渡是有效的。对边沁来说,"功利"是客观的,也是有理据的。平等是功利主义的目标之一,基于功利理由的公平份额的确立,可以有效解决平等与"最大幸福"的内在冲突。

Providing foundation of arguments for Bentham＇s philosophy of law and the entire utilitarianism,the principle of utility is not only the tool and weapon for utilitarianism to criticize other theoretical systems,but also the target and focus for critics to criticize the utilitarianism.Among several expressions in the principle of utility,＂the principle of the maximum happiness ＂is the most frequently used by Bentham in his later days,but has no essential difference from other expressions.Principle of utility serves as both the guide and the evaluation criteria of act,therefore one cannot use the opposition of acts and rules aftertime to define Bentham.Bentham＇s transition from＂fact＂ to＂rule ＂in his argumentation for the principle of utility is effective.According to Bentham,utility is objective and well-founded.Equality is one of the goals of utilitarianism;the establishment of fair share on account of utility can effectively solve the inherent conflicts between equality and＂the maximum happiness＂.