尊崇之“名”到专权之“实”:宋代平章军国(重)事制度考述

From the Respected “Name” to the Despotism “Real” :The Pingzhang Junguo (zhong) shi System in the Song Dynasty

平章军国(重)事制度始于唐代,初为宰相之职,后成为尊崇贵官。宋代的平章军国(重)事具体分为平章军国重事、同平章军国事、平章军国事,序位均在宰相之上,有"平章军国"、"平章"、"重事"等别称或简称,职权大多为军国要事。宋代共有8位平章军国(重)事,王旦、吕夷简辞而不拜,其余6位为平章军国重事文彦博、乔行简、贾似道、王爚,同平章军国事吕公著,平章军国事韩侂胄。宋代的平章军国(重)事同宰相关系密切,他们地位尊崇,参与决策三省、枢密院军国重大事务,特别是宋廷主动授予的平章军国(重)事,为政颇值得肯定。宋代平章军国(重)事制度经历了由"名"到"实"的过程,部分官员借此名号而把持朝政,对两宋的衰亡负有一定责任。

Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi system began in the Tang Dynasty,which started first as prime minister and then became kind of respected noble officer.Song Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi specifically could be divided into Pingzhang Junguo Zhongshi,Tongpingzhang Junguoshi,Pingzhang Junguoshi,which were all above the rank of the prime minister.There were alternative names or abbreviations such as＂Pingzhang Junguo＂,＂Pingzhang＂and＂Zhongshi＂and their function and power were mostly about the national and military matters.There were 8 Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi altogether in the Song Dynasty.Wang Dan,Lv Yijian resigned and did not assume the office.The other 6officials were Pingzhang Junguo Zhongshi Wen Yanbo,Qiao Xingjian, Wang Yue,Tongpingzhang Junguoshi Lv Gongzhu,Pingzhang Junguoshi Han Tuozhou.Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi had a close relationship with the prime minister.They were in a position of honor,and they participated in national and ministry matters of the Sanshengand Shumiyuan.Especially the officials who were granted Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi initiatively by the Song government were worthy of their political behaviors.The Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi system went through a process of＂nominal position＂to＂practical position＂.At the same time,some officials used Pingzhang Junguo（zhong）shi as a pretext or changed the name to dominate the government,which had responsibility for the decline and fall of the Song dynasty.