历史追溯与现实关切:德国学界西藏研究的新进展

Historical Retrospective and Practical Concerns: Progress on Tibetan Studies in Germany

近年来,德国学界在西藏研究方面取得了新进展。德国的涉藏研究表明,德国将西藏看作潜在的政治联盟,纳粹的涉藏活动并没有太多神秘主义内容,希姆莱对西藏有浓厚兴趣,他是纳粹领导层中真正主导第三帝国与西藏关系的人,而在第二次世界大战前后,西藏在德日关系中起到某种作用。对政治人物涉藏活动的个案研究表明,从20世纪80年代开始,由于一些政治人物通过自身及其政党的积极活动,"西藏问题"进入德国政治议程,由此导致了德国在西方的涉藏活动中表现极为突出。德国学者通过在瑞士和印度新生代藏人认同情况的调查分析,揭示了海外藏人在身份认同、宗教信仰、价值诉求和社会融入等方面的异同,年轻藏人群体内部的分化及其在"后达赖喇嘛时代"的政治态度和政治参与。德国的西藏研究提供了大量新信息,提出了一些新观点,但这些研究并未超出西方学者在"西藏问题"上的"政治共识"。

In recent years,German academics have made progress on Tibetan studies. One study revealed that Tibet was regarded by Nazi Germany as a potential political ally and Nazi Tibet-related activities did not have much to do with mysticism. Heinrich Himmler was highly interested in Tibet and it was him who dominated the Third Reich's policy vis-à-vis Tibet.Around the time of the Second World War,Tibet played a role in the German-Japanese relationship. After the 1980 s,the 'Tibetan issue 'started to enter into the political agenda in Germany due to some politicians and political parties' activism, which explained why Germany topped Western countries in terms of Tibet-related activities. Through surveying the identities of overseas young Tibetans in Switzerland and India,other Germany scholars shed light on the differences in terms of identities,religious beliefs,value systems,and social integration of overseas Tibetans,as well as the internal differentiation of young Tibetans and their 'post-Dalai Lama era'political attitudes and political participation. However,those studies have not moved beyond the 'political consensus'of Western scholars on the 'Tibetan issue. '