清代香山县基层区划变迁及其属性

The Change of Xiangshan County's Gross-roots Division and its Property in the Qing Dynasty

乡、都、图、村是清代香山县也是广州府其他县最基本的基层组织类型,其地域性特征显著。它们之间构成一种内部结构功能性不同的区划层级关系——"乡→都→图、村",维系着整个基层社会的正常管理与运转。清末推行地方自治运动,先是改"都"为"镇",再则改"镇"为"区",新的区划形态——"区→段"结构形成。据现有行政区划概念体系,尚难判断"乡→都→图、村"这种地域分划特性明显的结构为行政区划及其相应基层组织为政区单位。不过,这一区划结构的变迁过程,清晰地呈现了香山县开发力度的地域方向性转变,并由此引起了其社会流动的空间性变化,进而深刻影响了近代中国的历史进程。

In the Qing Dynasty,the Xiang,Du,Tu and Village were the most basic organization types at Xiangshan County and other counties in Guangzhou Fu,which had significant regional features. They constituted a division hierarchical relationship between them with different functions of its internal structure— ＂ Xiang→Du→Tu,Village＂,which maintained the normal management and operation of the grass-roots societies. With the promotion of the autonomous movement in the Late Qing Dynasty,firstly,the change of ＂ Du＂ into ＂ Town＂,and then the change ＂ Town＂ into ＂ District＂,constituted a new division form—the structure of ＂ District→Section＂. According to the existing conceptual system of administrative divisions,it is difficult to judge that the structure of ＂ Xiang→Du→Tu,Village＂,with the obvious feature of geographical division,is the administrative division and its respective grass-roots organizations are the administrative region units. But,the change of Xiangshan County＇ s gross-roots division also clearly showed the turn of its geographical direction in terms of the development,which further caused the spatial turn of social mobility. The turn brought the profound influence on the modern historical process of China.