治安处罚中“诽谤”认定的言论自由考量

Free Speech Concerns in “Libel” Determination of Security Punishments

言论自由作为一项宪法基本权利,是一个社会极为重要的品格与价值。但言论自由并不是一项绝对化权利,而是一种可克减权利,其行使受到名誉权的限制。近年来,我国公安机关依据治安管理处罚中"诽谤"的规定,在很大程度上维护了公民的名誉权,但与此同时,"诽谤"的滥用也在一定程度上限制了公民的言论自由。究其根源,即是在对"诽谤"的认定中,言论自由是否应当被纳入考量范围。据此本文基于言论自由的视角,从法理上平衡名誉权与言论自由的需要,法律上言论自由条款的神圣地位,事实上顺应国际潮流的趋势三个层面论证了"诽谤"的认定离不开言论自由的考量。

The freedom of speech,as a basic constitutional fight,is an extremely important character and value of the society.However,speech freedom is not an absolute fight,but a controlled right,whose exercise is restricted by reputation right.In recent years, China＇s public security organs safeguard the reputation right of the citizens to a great extent according to the ＂libel＂ provisions of the public security management punishments.But at the same time,the abuse of ＂libel＂ restricts the freedom of speech to certain extent.To trace it to the source, it is whether the freedom of speech should be included in the scope of consideration in the identification of ＂libel＂ that is on debate.This paper,based on the perspective of speech freedom,balances the reputation right and the need for the freedom of speech in terms of the legal principles,the holy status of the items of speech freedom in law,conforms in fact to the three aspects of the international trend,and demonstrates that the determination of ＂libel＂ is not without the examination of speech freedom.