划分客家方言之我见

My Views on Classification of Hakka Dialect

我国对"方言"性质的理解具有三维的理念,即:方言是一种语言的支裔和地方变体,它具有群体性、历史继承性和地域性。同一个族群由于迁徙的关系会分化出不同的支系,其语言的语音、词汇、语法结构也会因生态环境和社会生活共同体的改变而在继承、创新、融入三方面表现出差异,从而形成方言。因此笔者主张划分方言不能仅凭语音的区别性特征,必须兼看词汇和语法方面的差异情况。从客家多数地区一致使用而其他方言不用的200多条特殊词(包括虚词、语法格式)来看,证明客家话可以独立为汉语的方言。笔者还认为划分方言,必须处理好语言结构与群体的来源、心理倾向、文化风貌等的关系。在江西的客家人不愿和操赣语的人认同,这与不同的祖源和文化习俗有关,两者是汉族的不同支系。在语言结构方面两者的语音多少有一些差异,加上词汇、语法结构上较多的差异,还是处理为独立的方言较好。

There exists a three- dimensional notion in understanding the properties of a dialect in China,i. e. a dialect is a branch of and regional variant of the language which possesses groupment,inheritance and regionalism. The dialect of the same clan would develop into different subdivisions due to the immigration of the clan,whose phonetics,vocabulary and grammatical structures would also change in heritage,innovation and integration according to the different eco- environment and social community. Thus dialects come into being. The author holds that dialects should not only be judged from their pronunciation,but also from their vocabulary and grammars. The author also asserts that the linguistic structures,sources of the clan,psychological tendency and cultural features should also be taken into consideration while doing the classification of dialects.