论亚里士多德关于正义的分类思想

On Aristotle's Theory about Categories of Justice

亚里士多德在《尼各马可伦理学》中详细地论述了正义概念的内涵及其种类。在总体上,他把正义分为一般正义和具体正义。一般正义是相对于公民与整个城邦和社会的关系而言的,它要求公民的言行举止必须合乎法律;具体正义是相对于社会成员个人之间的关系而言的,它要求在公民之间实现公平。他把具体正义分为分配正义和矫正正义。分配正义涉及的是钱物、财富、荣誉,还包括权力等可分配之物在社会成员之间的分配,强调比例平等;矫正正义旨在维护人们经济交易中的公平和根据法律纠正人与人之间的相互伤害,强调人与人的平等。同时,他还论述了回报正义、政治正义和家室正义。他对正义的分类是迄今为止关于正义种类的最为透彻的解剖,即便在当今也仍然深刻地影响着人们对正义主题的讨论,尤其是他关于正义种类的划分,更成为道德哲学和政治哲学无法绕过的永恒话题。

Aristotle carefully discussed the connotations and categories of justice in The Nicomachean Ethics. In fact, Aristotle divided justice into two kinds： general justice and specific justice. The general justice asks for citi- zen＇ s legal statements and actions. The specific justice asks for fairness between the individuals. The latter was di- vided into distributive justice and the corrective justice. The distributive justice involves money and goods, fortune, reputation and rights, emphasizing the proportional equality of members of society. The corrective justice aims to safeguard the fairness in economic activities and rectify the mutual hurt between people according to the law, stress- ing the equality of people. At the same time, he discussed the reciprocal justice, political justice and domestic jus- tice as well. His classifications of justice is the most lucid analysis so far. Even if in the contemporary, his ideas also have profound influence on the discuss of the theme of justice. Especially, his division of justice has become the everlasting topic between the moral philosophy and political philosophy.