古代表“竹”义名词“竹”、“竹子”及其量词使用情况考察

The Bamboo-meaning Chinese Noun ZHU and ZHUZI and the Usage of Their Quantifiers in Ancient China

"竹"与"竹子"是古代表"竹"义名词中最重要最常见的两个词,二者的出现时间及使用情况均不相同,"竹"在先秦即已出现,而"竹子"则出现相对较晚,较早见于隋唐吴歌;单音词"竹"自出现以后,直到清代均大量见于文献之中,而双音词"竹子"直到明代以后才较多见于文献中,直至清代。在表"竹"、"竹子"的量词中,个体量词主要见于宋以后的文献,这些量词有"竿"、"根"、"枝"、"株"、"条"等,以"竿"、"根"二词使用最为常见,其中"竿"使用历时较长,至迟自南北朝起一直沿用到清代,而"根"则主要是明代以后新兴的量词。集合量词至迟在南北朝即已出现,不过其使用直到清代文献才常见起来,这些量词涉及到面积、形状两个方面,主要有"园"、"盆"、"池"、"亩"、"带"、"林"、"片"、"丛"等,又以"丛"、"片"最为常见。

ZHU and ZHUZI are two important nouns mean ＂ bamboo＂ in ancient China. Their emergence time and usage differ from each other. ZHU had already appeared in the pre-Qin Dynasty, while ZHUZI appeared relatively late, in the Sui and Tang Dynasty. The monosyllabic word ZHU had been using widely in various ancient literature from pre-Qin to Qing Dynasty. The dissyllabic word ZHUZI commonly occurred in the literature only after the Ming Dynasty. Among the quantifiers of bamboo,individual quantifiers,including ＂ GAN＂, ＂GEN＂, ＂ ZHI ＂, ＂ ZHU ＂ and ＂ TIAO ＂,can be seen mainly in the literature since Song Dynasty. ＂ GAN＂ and ＂ GEN＂ are the most commonly used individual quantifiers,of which,the use history of ＂ GAN ＂ is longer,at least from the Southern-Northern Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,and ＂ GEN ＂ was used widely only after the Ming Dynasty. The collective quantifiers had already occurred in the Southern-Northern Dynasty,but they did not commonly appear in literature until the Qing Dynasty. They were used to describe the area or appearance of bamboo forests,such as ＂ YUAN（ garden） ＂, ＂ PENG（ pot） ＂, ＂ CHI（ pool） ＂, ＂ Mu＂, ＂ DAI（ belt） ＂, ＂ LIN（ grove） ＂, ＂ PIAN（ piece） ＂, ＂ CONG（ clump） ＂ and so on,of which, ＂ CONG＂ and ＂PIAN＂ were the most common ones.