唐代行卷过程研究(二)——投谒对象的选择

A Study on the Procedure of Xing Juan in Tang Dynasty:The Choice of the Delivery of the Object

唐代举子在行卷之前选择投献对象时,主要考虑以下几个因素。一是,考虑地域因素,京畿地区由于公卿、名公聚集,是举子行卷的首选,在此行卷往往起到事半功倍的效果。二是,文场领袖、文宗是举子投献的重要目标,韩愈、柳宗元等领袖人物,"皆以引接后学为务",荐拔后学无数,有"韩门弟子"的典故。三是,在中晚唐牛李党争背景下,牛党与进士朋甲相结合,举子也将牛党党魁和依附牛党外围的朋甲"朋头"作为投献的重要对象。四是,刺史、节度使等地方长官及其僚佐是举子主要的行卷对象,且是举子投献行卷最多的对象群体,其中有科名和文学的地方长官尤受青睐。此外,中央清要官员途径地方,也会成为举子追逐投谒的对象。总体而言,举子行卷对象不宜给"冗慢无势者",要"如贡大诸侯、卿士及前达有文章积学者",才不至于"其礼甚厚而所与之甚下"。

Before the exam candidates of Tang Dynasty choose their delivery of the object, there are following factors mainly taken into consideration. Firstly, the region factor should be considered. For the reason that the capital area is the place that high level officials and the famous and influential people gather, the region factor becomes the first choice for candidates to achieve twice the result with half the effort. Secondly, the leaders of the literature and famous writers are the significant goals for the candidates to submit. For example, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan always regard students＂ education as their tasks. They had recommended a large number of students during their lives. A literary quotation ＂Han＇s students＂ was telling this story. Thirdly, on the situation of the partisanship in the late Tang DynaSty, the party of Niu combines with the group of Jin-shi, candidates also treat the party of Niu and the group around them as the targets to deliver. Fourthly, the governors like feudal provincial and Jiedushi and their subordinates are the major targets for candidates. It has the largest number of examinees on this part, especially the governors who had the scholarly honor won in exams and who was the brilliant writer are mostly concerned. In addition, the places that central Qing officials pass by also become the candidates＂ choice. Overall, the delivery of the object should not be arrogant or powerless. The high level officials, governors and the brilliant writer could be the goals for candidates to submit. If that, the candidates cannot be treated so badly.