行业收入差距扩大的原因分析——基于人力资本异质性的视角

Analysis of Reasons for Expansion of Inter-industry Income Gap——Based on the Perspective of Human Capital Heterogeneity

垄断行业的高收入是造成行业间收入差距不断扩大的重要因素,同时,垄断行业比竞争性行业具有更高的人力资本水平,说明垄断行业高收入存在合理成分。行业收入差距扩大的原因包括:人力资本差异和制度因素,竞争性行业中人力资本对收入差距的影响存在"门槛效应",较高质量的人力资本才会扩大行业收入差距;垄断行业中人力资本的收益存在"共享式"特征,低质量人力资本的收益率被抬高,扩大了行业收入差距,高质量人力资本的收益率趋向市场化水平,缩小了行业收入差距。因此,必须打破垄断行业的进入壁垒,从源头上限制政府的权力,减少政府掌握的资源,减少政府对经济的管制和干预,引入市场竞争机制来决定人力资本的回报率,由市场来决定资源的配置方式及工资的决定机制,才是改善行业收入差距扩大的关键。

High income of monopoly industry is an important factor in expanding the inter-industry income gap. Also, monopoly industry has the higher level of human capital than competitive industry. It shows that the high income of monopoly industry has ＇reasonable composition. The reasons of inter-industry income gap expansion include differences in human capital and institution. There is a ＂threshold effect＂ of human capital on income gap in competitive industry, which means only high quality human capital can expand the inter-industry income gap. The return of human capital in monopoly industry has ＂shared pattern＂. In other words, gains of low quality human capital are overvalued, expanding the inter-industry income gap, while gains of high quality human capital tend to the market level, narrowing the inter-industry income gap. Therefore, it is need to break the barrier to entry in monopoly industry, limit the power of govermnent from the source, reduce the resources that are controlled by the government, reduce government regulation and intervention in the economy, and introduce market competition mechanism to determine the return of human capital. Using the market to determine resource allocation and wage decision mechanism is the key to narrow the increasing inter-industry income gap.