保护性耕作在黄土高原的应用和发展

Application and Development of Conservation Tillage Techniques in the Loess Plateau

在过去近半个世纪,黄土高原保护性耕作技术已从单纯的平移效仿国外先进的保护性耕作技术体系逐渐过渡到集特色鲜明、因地制宜、传承改革为一体的该区特定保护性耕作技术体系。在全球变暖的背景下,黄土高原保护性耕作技术为衰减一些关键温室气体在农田尺度的排放和吸收同样至关重要。在归纳黄土高原保护性耕作系统的设计思路和主要内容的基础上,阐明了保护性耕作技术体系的农田水生态过程和防侵蚀效应的内在机制,并重点分析了保护性耕作对该区重要的土壤温度效应、土壤理化特性、产量和水分利用效率、温室气体的影响和成因。最后还对目前黄土高原保护性耕作技术的开发、示范和推广过程中存在的不足和弊端进行了剖析,提出了结合保护性耕作技术的垄沟地膜覆盖栽培技术,这将是该区农业未来发展的重要思路,以期为黄土高原旱地农业系统的可持续开发和系统管理提供理论支撑。

In the past several decades,the conservation tillage techniques in the Loess Plateau has evolved from single translating and imitating advanced foreign technology into specific techniques system combined with the many advantages（ distinctive system,strict design according to local condition and advanced developmental idea with gradually inheriting and reform）. On the context of global change,the role of conservation tillage techniques is also critical in terms of mitigation of greenhouse emissions in field-scale. Hereby,this paper summarized the design ideas and main contents of conservation tillage techniques in the Loess Plateau,and also illustrated the internal mechanism of the processes of field water ecology and erosion prevention effect under conservation tillage techniques. This paper analyzed emphatically the effect and cause of conservation tillage techniques on soil temperature,soil physical-chemical properties,yield performance and water use efficiency. Finally,this paper pointed out deficiency and limitation of current in aspects of exploitation,demonstration and extension of current conservation tillage techniques in dryland farming in the Loess Plateau. This paper concluded that the conservation tillage techniques combined with ridge-furrow plastic film mulching is main route of dryland farming in the Loess Plateau. All of these aspects were discussed aiming to provide theoretical guidance for sustainable management and sustainable exploitation of rainfed agricultural ecosystem in the Loess Plateau.