晚清科举改革滞后的原因与教训

The Belated Imperial Examination Reform of the Late Qing Dynasty:Reasons and Lessons

与科举改革思潮及新式教育创办相比,晚清科举改革迟缓了60年。究其原因,既有清朝腐朽专制政权、落后生产方式、僵化教育内容的制约,也受盘根错节的既得利益阶层的阻挠,而其综合性和根本性的原因在于旧的文化观念的束缚。科举改革迟缓延误了中国教育现代化进程,导致1905年科举制骤然而废。国家和社会为这场迟到的人才选拔制度改革付出了极为沉重的历史代价。汲取科举改革的历史教训,高考改革应遵循选拔性考试发展的一般规律,主动适应时代和社会发展的要求,改革考试的内容与形式;依据循序渐进的原则,兴利除弊,发挥正确的教育与社会导向功能;需进行"顶层设计",配套改革,整体推进,以实现考试与教育、社会的协调发展。

The Imperial Examination reform of the late Qing dynasty occurred 60 years later after the appearance of reform proposals and the establishment of new-style education.The reasons for such belatedness include the corrupt dictatorship,the backward mode of production,rigid content of education and the obstacles created by the vested interest group.The root reason lies in the restraints of old-fashioned cultural conceptions.The belatedness in reform postponed China＇s education modernization and led to the sudden abolition of the examination system in 1905.The state in general paid a historical price for the belated reform in the talent selection system.Lessons must be learned from the imperial examination reform：The national college entrance examination reform should follow the general law of the selection examination,adapt itself to the needs of the times and society,and reform the content and form of the examination.It should follow the principle of incremental progress and optimize its role of educational and social guidance;it should be promoted through ＂top design＂,supporting reforms and concerted progress of other undertakings,so that coordinated development of examination,education and society is possible.