渔业生态环境指示生物诊断和预警技术研究进展

Research progress of diagnosis and early-warning technology by bioindicator and biomarker for fisheries ecological environment

渔业水域生态环境是渔业发展的重要物质基础,而目前它却已沦为了水体污染最严重的受害者之一。有效解决渔业生态环境问题,业已成为中国渔业生态文明建设的主阵地以及突破环境约束发展现代渔业的根本措施之一。因此,加强渔业水域生态环境监测体系的建设,有效开展污染物和胁迫因子的诊断和预警,进而提出有针对性的污染防控和生态环境保护措施具有重要的战略意义。与传统的理化分析相比,生物监测具有独特的优势,它能更直接而真实地判断水体中污染物潜在的生物毒性和危害程度,把握对渔业生物和生态系统有中长期影响的污染源及其动态,并能通过暴露实验来探寻和确认更多传统、新型和未知污染物/胁迫因子的生态毒理效应和机制。目前以指示生物和生物标志物为代表的水环境生物监测、诊断和预警,已经成为渔业生态环境评价与保护领域的研究热点和前沿之一。特别是在基于双壳贝类的海洋和淡水"贝类观察"指示生物监测体系和基于更广泛的指示生物体内生化、遗传学、生理学和病理学类生物标志物方面的研究和技术突破,在污染物/胁迫因子的早期、快速、客观诊断和预警方面成效显著。借鉴国内外的成功经验,研发出更多、更有效的指示生物和生物标志物的相关技术,必将为最大限度地挽回由污染/胁迫导致的渔业损失,修复受损的渔业生态环境做出贡献。同时,该研究领域也希望得到国家更多的关注和支持。

Fisheries ecological environment is the important tim to water pollution in the worst - case scenario. Solving constructing fisheries ecological civilization and one of the basis of fisheries development. However, it has fallen vic- the problems effectively becomes the main battleground for main strategies for breaking through environmental restric-tion for development of modern fisheries in China. Therefore, it is of important strategic significance to enhance the establishment of the monitoring system of fisheries environment, to diagnose and warn the pollutants/impact factors, and then to propound the targeted solution for pollution control and ecological environmental protection. In comparison with traditional chemical and physical monitoring approaches, the biological monitoring has unique advantages in that it is capable of making more direct and real judgment of the potential biotoxicity and the degree of biohazard of poilu- tants in the water body, mastering the source and dynamics of pollutants that present mid - term or long - term influ- ence on fisheries organisms and ecosystem, and achieving investigation and confirmation of ecotoxicological effects and mechanism for much more traditional, emerging and unknown pollutants/impact factors through exposure experiment. At present, the bio - monitoring, bio - diagnosis and bio - warning, represented by bioindicator and biomarker, have become one of the hotspots and frontiers of research. Especially, many achievements and breakthroughs have been ob- tained on bioindicator system of marine and freshwater ＂Mussel Watch＂, and the biochemical, genetic, physiological, pathological biomarkers. It is believed that more fishery losses caused by water pollution/impact can be recouped to the utmost extent by learning from successful experiences both at home and abroad and developing more useful tech- nologies of bioindicator and biomarker. Meanwhile, more attentions and financial supports to corresponding research field are absorbedly needed at the national level.