“铁案”不“铁”:刑事错案认定标准与责任追究

Identification Criteria and Responsibility Investigation of the Misjudged Cases

虽然最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等发布了一系列防治刑事错案的规范性文件,但是错案的认定标准和责任追究在司法实践中依旧面临诸多内部、外部障碍。错案成为许多一线办案人员的"首位压力源"。我国应当坚持程序正义与实体正义并重,通过立法进一步确认错案的范围,同时规范不应当追究裁判者法律责任的错案。在错案认定与责任追究机构的设置上,可以分两级在各省(自治区、直辖市)、中央建立专门、统一的司法惩戒委员会。同时改变传统的"单线、平面追责与剥权模式",建构"立体、动态纠正与救济模式":合理区分党政干部干预责任与办案人员裁判责任;合理借鉴两大法系法官弹劾与惩戒制度中的程序参与、实质责任等经验;针对有心理危机的办案人员进行心理疏导与矫治。

Although the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procurator ate have issued many normative documents about how to prevent and control misjudged criminal cases, the identification standard and the responsibility investigation are still faced with many internal or external obstacles in judicial practice. These mis-judged cases become the first pressure source for case-handling personnel. Our country should adhere to the proce-dural justice and substantive justice, confirm the range of misjudged cases through legislation and specify those cases that should not be investigated for legal responsibility. We should set up specialized, unified judicial disciplinary committee at provincial and central levels. We should change the traditional“single line, plane accountability and stripping power mode”, set up“tridimensional, dynamic correction and relief mode”which can make a reasonable distinction between the intervention responsibility and judgment responsibility,draw lessons from judge impeachment and disciplinary process in the two major law system in aspects of participation and essence responsibility, and help case-handling personnel who have psychological crisis to take psychological counseling and treatment.