论罗马民事诉讼法上的证讼

On "litis contestatio" in the Roman Civil Procedural Law

"证讼"是罗马民事诉讼法上的重要制度之一,其核心含义是"证实讼争"。在通常诉讼时期,证讼是指诉讼双方在裁判官面前对讼争事项的确定,意味着法律审的终结和事实审的开始,陪审员必须依据证讼中确定的争点进行判决、使针对同一案件的诉权消灭以及使新债代替旧债,这些效力构成后世"一事不再理"原则和"既判力"理论的最初雏形。进入非常诉讼时期后,诉讼二阶段的区分不再存在,证讼的术语虽仍得保留,但仅意味着在法官面前的原告陈述和被告答辩,其重要作用已成为明日黄花,其效力部分前移到起诉阶段,部分由判决替代。现代民事诉讼法中,区分法律审理和事实审理的做法以及诉讼标的、既判力和诉讼系属理论等方面,无一不受到证讼制度的影响。

As an important institution of roman civil procedural law, ＂litis contestation＂ means ＂attestation of the dispute＂. In the period of ordo iudiciorum privatorum, it means that the parties determine the controversial issues before the magistrate, which signifies the end of process in lure and the beginning of the process apud iudicem, and it has three main effects ： making the judge give the sentence based on the issues identified in litis contestatio, making the right to sue on the same case perished and making the new obligation replace the old one, from which the principle of his de eadem re ne sit actio and the theory of res iudicata in modern society arise gradually. Entering in the period of cognitio extra ordinem, the dichotomy of procedure doesn＇ t exists, although the term of litis contestatio is still in use, but it only indicates that before the magistrate the plaintiff states and the defendant responds, i.e. It loses its importance, whose effects partly move forward in the stage of bringing an action and are substituted partly by the judgment. In modern civil procedural law theory, the bipartition between the trial on law and that on fact, the subject matter of lawsuit, res iudicata and lis pendent, have been impacted, without exception, by the system of litis contestatio.