内藤湖南“唐宋史学变革”说阐微

A Profound Explanation of Naito Konan's Theory of “Tang-Song Historiography Transition”

内藤湖南发现唐宋之间的中国史学发生了重大变革:史学风尚由推崇客观精神转为注重主体意识,并由此引发了史书编纂由崇尚赅博到注重深识、史文义法由崇尚骈文到注重古文、史料处理由崇尚照录到注重别裁、史学批评由左道末流到蔚然成风、史书注疏由忠实原著到借题发挥等一系列变化。伴随史学精神的变迁,这一时期的史学发展呈现多元化、学理化、体制化的特点。唐初史馆实行的众人分纂法造成了"传统史法"弱化,"一家著述"消退,史家主体意识沉沦。宋代虽一度出现"传统史法"复归的现象,但终究未能阻遏史学变迁大势,反映出这一趋势的不可抗拒性和不可逆转性。内藤湖南在阐发"唐宋史学变革"说时以"会通"为理念,以"明变"为旨趣,运用联系的方法,从经典史籍、关键史家着手,采用不拘学理的方式,将自己的研究活动视为史学史的一部分,具有重要的方法论意义。

Naito Konan discovered that in the period between the Tang and Song dynasties Chinese historiography had occurred major transition：from advocating objective spirit to emphasizing subject consciousness on historical climate.The transition of historical climate triggered off a series of changes,such as from advocating learned to emphasizing profundity on history compilation,from advocating parallel prose to emphasizing ancient prose on rule of historical language,from advocating making the copy of raw material to emphasizing ingenuity on dealing with historical materials,from appurtenance to fashion on historical criticism,from deferring to original to seizing on some pretext or other to distort on history note.With transforming of historical spirit,historical trend of the period presented characteristics of diversification,scientific principles and institutionalization.A method of many people involved in compiling was implemented by historiographers＇ Institute in the early Tang dynasty.The method led to degradation of＂statements of a school＂together with decline of ＂traditional history method＂.As a result,historian subjective consciousness became more and more weak.Phenomenon of recurrence of＂traditional history method＂appeared in the Song dynasty.However,it was unable to block the trend of historiography transition after all,which reflected its irresistibility and irreversibility.Naito Konan had used idea of＂huitong＂and purport of＂mingbian＂,together with the way of not stick to scientific principle,while elucidating theory of＂Tang-Song historiography transition＂.Besides,he caught classical history and key historian tightly.His research activity was placed in the long river of the history of history.All of above demonstrated important significance of methodology.