试析清代乡居进士对地方行政和社会管理的影响

The Influence of Xiangju Jinshi upon Local Administration and Social Management in Qing Dynasty

清代进士基本都能选官任职,是社会权力的重要组成部分。在候选、休致以及丁忧、终养等各种休假时期,他们处于离任职状态,亦即所谓"乡居"时期。"乡居"进士多与省、府、州、县等各级官府交往,他们利用权力和社会影响力,较多介入地方行政和社会管理,为地方官出谋划策,帮办地方事务,为本乡土绅士及下层百姓的利益交涉官府,发展家族等基层社会组织。特别是武装动乱和灾荒等非常时期,他们对基层组织的介入程度更为深广。乡居进士对地方行政和社会管理的影响,是官僚政治的延伸,利于地方社会的政治整合,利于中央集权和皇权在社会基层的渗透。

Almost all the Jinshi( a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) can be elected as officials and they constituted an important part of social power.When they were still candidates,retired due to old age,in filial mourning and taking vacations,they were in the so-called Xiangju( living in the country) period.This influence is the extension of bureaucracy and is beneficial to the political integration and permeation of centralization and royal power into social grass roots.