科举视野下的元代戏曲

Opera of Yuan Dynasty from the Perspective of Imperial Examination

自王国维提出"科举废而杂剧兴"的看法,学界对元代戏曲与科举制度间的关系多作反向理解。然而作为一种重要的文化制度,元代科举与戏曲间的关系也可做正面解读:元代"以曲取士"说可以从国家、民间两个层面的文化活动加以理解,国家科举选人虽未将"曲"作为标准,民间文学社团确曾以"曲"等第高下,是元代前期科举废黜背景下的一种"另类科举",对书会才人、曲中状元等称号的历史文化内涵由此也能有更深刻的理解。梳理元代戏曲中有关科举的知识与理解,可以发现,元代的南戏比杂剧中有更多涉及的科举内容,这一情形与南北二地受科举影响的深浅有直接关系。

Since Wang Guowei credited the prospering of Zaju（杂 剧）to the abolishment of imperial examination,the relationship between imperial examination and opera was considered opposite.However,as an important cultural system,the relationship between them also showed positive.Readers can look the point of selecting talents according to writing operas as national and nongovernmental culture activities.No government selected talents according to writing operas,but the imperial examination did.It is an alternative imperial examination.In this opinion,more deeply understanding can be got about the names like talents of writing groups and champion of opera writers.By tracing the knowledge of imperial examination included in operas of Yuan Dynasty,we can find that South operas were more closely with imperial examination than Zaju（杂剧）,which was directly related to the place they produced.