出土文献与古代政区地理研究

Studies on Ancient Administrative Geography and Unearthed Documents

利用地下出土文物资料研究古代政区地理有着长远的历史。近年来随着出土文献的增加,对古代政区地理的研究日益深入。本文从战国县制、秦郡和《汉书·地理志》等三个方面概述出土文献对政区地理研究的贡献,初步结论为:(1)战国县的生成方式约有4种:三晋齐燕由县鄙之县到县邑之县再到郡县之县,秦商鞅变法"聚小乡邑聚为县",楚"灭国设县",以及诸侯国在新占领地区先由点线占领再到军事控制区最后形成行政化区域。(2)秦郡的设立有一个从12郡再到36郡的过程,秦始皇36郡并不包括秦国本土的内史地区,而仅限于山东六国故地。(3)《汉书·地理志》的郡县名目及数量当有可靠的官方档案来源,可以信据;附注的郡国沿革部分可信度不高。

There is a long history of using the unearthed documents to study ancient administrative geography.With the increase of unearthed documents in recent years,the studies of ancient administrative geography are deepening.This paper generalizes the contributions of unearthed documents to the studies of ancient administrative geography from three aspects such as the county system of the Warring States,Qin Juns（郡）and the Han·Geography Record（《汉 书·地 理 志》）.The preliminary conclusions are：（1）There are four methods to generate a county in the Warring States,that is,Sanjin（三晋）、Yan（燕）、Qi（齐）is from rustic counties to counties and then to the counties of the system prefectures and counties;gathering small rural villages to a county in Qin Dynasty;destroying small countries to build up counties in Chu Dynasty,and the formation of administrative areas from the newly occupied areas in the vassal states which is the transformation from the occupation of the dots and lines to the militarycontrolled areas and then to the administrative areas.（2）The establishment of the Qin Jun has experienced the process from 12 counties to 36 counties.The 36 counties in the early Qin Dynasty is not included in the civil areas of Qin,which only locate in the old haunt of six countries in Shandong.（3）The name and number of Juns and counties recorded in the Han·Geography Record have a reliable official source which can be believed;but the notes which show the changes of Juns have low credibility.