生态流的构成和分析方法研究综述

A review on the composition and analysis of ecological flow

人类活动带来的生态环境和土地利用变化是全球变化研究的重点内容之一。在复杂的自然生态系统中,各组分之间的物质循环、能量流动和信息传递通常以流态形式来表达,其路径、方向、强度、速率等对生态系统产生重要影响。系统分析了生态流的起源与发展,从能流、物质流和信息流三方面对生态流进行了解构,并对相关原理和分析方法进行了总结和述评。在现有研究基础上,以典型半人工半自然的农田生态系统为例,通过生态网络连接度等指标与纯自然生态系统对比分析生态流的流向、路径和强度等,人类活动增强了生态系统的灵活度,但扰乱了原有的稳定性。生态学家一直专注于研究适用于统一计算生态流的方法,其量化已具有一定的研究基础,但仍存在许多问题,在以后的研究中仍需系统地深入探索。

Ecological environment and land-use changes brought about by human activity are one of the highlights of the global change research. In complex natural ecosystems,among the various components of material cycles,energy flow and information delivery is usually expressed as a flowing form. Its path,direction,intensity,speed have an important impact on the ecosystem. This article analyzes the origin and development of ecological flow. The energy flow,material flow and information flow from the three areas to understand the ecological flow structure. And it gives a summary and review of relevant theory and analysis methods. On the basis of the existing studies,it analyzes the ecological flow in a typical halfsown semi-natural farmland ecological system. For example,through ecological indicators,such as network connections and the pure comparative analysis of natural ecosystems and ecological stream flows,paths and intensities of human activity enhances the flexibility of ecological systems, but disrupting the stability of the original. Conventionally, a single conservative medium is allowed as to the quantification of ecological flows,for example materials（ e.g.,grams of carbon） or energy（ e.g.,kilojoules）,which is the major constraint during network construction. However,more than one kind of flow operates in ecosystem. Ecologists have been focused on applicable methods for a unification of all the eco-flows. Of which,emergy analysis and extended exergy analysis were invented respectively. Emergy analysis was to integrate the value of free environment investment,goods,services and information in a common unit of measurement via solar transformity,which makes it possible to evaluate all of the eco-flows（ materials,energy,and information） with ecosystem. On the other hand,extended exergy analysis also provides a unified way to measure various flows with solid scientific basis,and provides a wide and clear vision of the use and degradation of resources and energy. Research foundation of ecological flow quantification have attained,but there are still many problems in future studies,which still need to be systematically explored.