国家能力的削弱及割裂:清末新政与立宪改革的困境

The Weakening and Fragmentation of the State Capacity:On the Plight of the New Deal and the Constitutional Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty

清末新政与立宪改革是近代中国政治转型中的关键时期,面对王朝将倾的统治危机,清政府企图通过全面改变原有的政治架构来达到重新集权的目的。匆忙的官制改革削弱了国家调控能力,不成功的经济改革减少了国家汲取能力,科举制取消后官方意识形态的瓦解降低了国家合法化能力,谘议局的产生解构了国家强制能力,从这四个变量的观察可以梳理出新政改革在推行中遇到前所未有的困境。国家在近代化的转型中缺乏有效的国家治理能力,从而导致清末新政立宪改革和国家建设走向失败。

The new deal and the constitutional reform, which happened in the late Qing Dynasty, witnessed a key period of political transition in modern China. In the face of the crisis that ruling dynasty would break down, the Qing government chose a radical shock therapy, trying to change the old political structure of traditional society in an all-round way to achieve the purpose of centralizing the authority again. This paper is based on the observation of four variables, namely the national control ability of reform, the national absorbing ability in the economic reform, the national legal capacity under the collapse of ideology after abolishing the civil-service examination system and the ability of national compulsion via founding the advisory bureau. It can be concluded from the observation that the new reform encountered unprecedented difficulties in its promotion. That the state lacks effective national governance among the modern transformation is the leading reason to the New Deal＇s failure in the late Qing Dynasty＇s constitutional reform and national con- struction.