八股应试教育:清代书院改革的主要指向

Examination-oriented Education of Eight-part Essay:The Main Goal of Academy Reform in Qing Dynasty

随着科举以八股文为考试文体的弊端日渐暴露,书院片面强调八股文教学的现象受到猛烈的抨击。有的书院将实学和西学引入书院,试图改变书院的教学内容,但却收效甚微。直至慈禧太后延续戊戌维新的科举改革措施,废除八股文,使片面强调八股文教学的书院失去其存在的合理性,最终被清廷宣布改制为新式学堂。因此,对八股取士的批评推动了书院的改革,八股文的废止则直接推动了书院的改制。

With the disadvantages of imperial examination which took the eight-part essay as examination style increasingly exposed,the phenomenon that academy unilaterally emphasized on eight-part essay teaching has been sharply slammed.Some academies introduced real learning and Western learning into colleges,trying to change the academy teaching content.However,the situation of academy which regarded eight-part essay as the main teaching content failed to show a big change.Until the Empress Dowager CiXi implemented the New Deal,abolishing the eight-part essay made academy which one-sided emphasized the eight-part essay teaching lost its rationality of existence.Eventually,it was reformed to be a kind of newstyle school by the announcement of Qing court.Therefore,the criticism of scholastic election based on eight-part essay promoted the academy reform and the abolition of eight-part essay directly promoted the restructure of academy system.