洞庭湖区环境变迁与生态安全维护探析

An Analysis of the Environmental Transition and Ecological Security Maintenance of Dongting Lake

调查分析和探讨了1949年以来洞庭湖区的环境变迁的趋势、环境恶化的原因以及洞庭湖生态环境保护的思路。洞庭湖区环境变迁趋势呈现的突出问题是:湖泊面积缩小;容量功能减弱;水质污染严重;生物多样性下降;血吸虫病疫情扩散。导致上述变迁趋势的显著人为因素除了围湖造田、流域水源涵养生态系统破坏、湖区外源污染加剧和管理体制不顺等问题外,还有三峡工程的影响。针对洞庭湖生态环境恶化的现状与成因,在新的历史时期,有必要从理论认识、政策法规、机构设置与实践各个层面引入生态文明的理念,理顺洞庭湖流域的生态关系,以依法治湖、创新行政管理模式、严格控制外源污染和加强生物多样性保护四个方面为重点,促进洞庭湖生态经济区的建设和可持续发展。

This paper analyzes the trends of environmental transition since 1949,reasons for environmental deterioration of Dongting Lake,and ideas for its eco-environmental protection.The outstanding problems presented about the trend of environmental transition of Dongting Lake are as follows：shrinkage of lake areas,degradation of functional capacity,serious pollution of water equality,sharp decline of biodiversity and the spread of schistosoma epidemics.Besides reclaiming farmland from lakes,eco-system destruction of water source conservation,aggravation of exogenous pollution and imperfect management systems,human factors on vicissitude trend of management system mentioned above also include the influence of the Three Gorges Project.Under new historical period,on account of the status quo as well as the cause of formation,it is necessary to introduce the concept of ecological civilization,straighten up the ecological relationship across the Dongting River Basin at all levels of theoretical recognition,policies and regulations,institution setting and practice,and to focus on four aspects covering lake management under the rule of law,innovation of administrative model,strict control of exogenous pollution and strengthening protection of biodiversity,so as to promote the construction and sustainable development of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone.