费孝通和村庄生计研究:八十年的回顾

Fei Hsiao-tung and His Village Livelihood Research:An Eighty-Year's Retrospection

以费孝通先生的社区田野调查(尤其是江村调查和云南三村调查)为起点,费先生的村庄生计研究可以分为两个范式,即古典范式和当代范式。这两个研究范式各自隐含着种种结构性社会前提,对它们的剖析和阐述可以回答费孝通先生的两个研究范式在关于中国村庄生计的整个研究脉络中所处的理论地位。如今,劳动力的全球流动、文化和体验的商品化,以及移动互联网(基础设施和技术心智)在乡村地区的渗透和扩散有可能成为影响中国村庄生计模式的结构性力量,对这些结构力量的阐述,表明费孝通先生所开拓的村庄生计这一研究方向,至今仍然有其经验活力和理论价值。

Starting from a diachronic review of Professor Fei Hsiao-Tung＇s community field works,especially the Kaixiangong Village study in 1936,and the Three Yunnan Village studies in early 1940 s,this paper tries to discuss the difference between two paradigms of Fei＇s village livelihood research——the classic one and the contemporary one.After briefly defining what constitutes of the two research paradigms,the paper carefully clarifies all the possible implicit structural conditions that these two paradigms have historically been embedded in,so as to answer the ultimate question of what theoretical position has Fei＇s approach been landed within the entire context of village livelihood research.In the end,a series of contemporary structural forces that might have implicit impact on current Chinese village livelihood,the global mobility of labor force,the commercialization of local culture and the emerging of an experience economy,and the penetration and expansion of mobile internet access（in the form of both infrastructure and technical mentality）into rural areas,have been examined,showing that the research direction that Fei personally pioneered about eighty years ago still has its theoretical significance and empirical vitality today.