可预见性规则:为了实务需要的分析与思考

On the Understanding of the Principle of Predictability

《合同法》第113条明确规定了违约损害赔偿责任的赔偿限度,被称为可预见性规则。违约损害赔偿责任的目的在于使守约方得到赔偿,达到如合同得到履行一样的状态。这种规定称为填补损失的原则,该原则不考虑违约方在承担违约责任以后的经济状况,以及违约方违约时的主观状态。可预见性规则给违约损害赔偿责任设定了限度,有可能引发效率违约,也有可能使守约方实际获得的赔偿数额远远小于违约方如果履行合同时守约方的可得利益,守约方可能需要承担无法获得充分补偿的风险。尽管具有这样那样的缺点和不足,仍然需要继续坚持可预见性规则,因为两大法系国家法律以及具有一定程度的世界统一性国际性法律都坚持认为该规则具有其自身合理价值和不可替代性。如何理解和应用可预见性规则既具有理论意义,又具有实践意义。

The Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China provides explicitly in article 113 rd that damages will be taken on if one breaches of contract and that the limit of damages, the rule of the latter is called the predictability rule. The purpose of damages liability for breach of contract lies in compensating the partner who observes the contract, reaches the status in which as if the contract had been performed. The provision of this article is called the rule of compensating damages. The rule cannot take into account the economic status of the partner who breaches the contract, nor does it take into account the subjective status of the partner at the time when he breaches the contract. The predictability rule sets down limit for damages of breaching of contract, which prone to resulting in efficiency breaching of contract. Others are worried with the damages which the partner who observes the contract gets will be short of the profit he can get if the contract be carried out, so he need take on the risk of no full compensation. With all these shortcomings, the author still consists on setting on limit. Consequently, the predictability rule,which can dominate the damages within rational limit, cannot be superseded by.