民法证据规范论

On norms of Civil Evidence

长期以来,民法学方法论普遍更多关注通过请求权规范基础分析方法和法律解释方法对作为大前提的法律规范进行寻找和解释适用,对作为小前提的案件事实如何形成则关注较少。案件事实的形成环节蕴含了民法学方法论的丰富命题,司法三段论中具体要件事实的形成离不开民法证据规范的适用。案件事实的形成过程本身就存在一个司法三段论的适用,证明责任规范贯穿于司法三段论的始终。对案件事实形成过程中民事证明责任等民法证据规范的发现、归类和解释运用是对传统法学方法论体系的有益扩充,也丰富了民法规范论的类型配置。民法证据规范主要包括民事证明责任一般规范和民事证明责任法定例外规范,前者需要通过证明责任一般条款独立加以规定,后者则具体表现为法定化的民事权利推定规范、民事法律事实推定规范和证明责任倒置规范。

For a long time, the study of methodology of civil law in China is mainly fo- cused more on the discovery, interpretation and application of legal norms as major premise through Anspruchsgrundlagemethode and legal interpretation, but less on the formation of the civil case facts as minor premise. The formation of the civil case facts is very important to the perfection of methodology of civil law, which cannot do without the application norms of civil ev- idence. The formation of civil case facts is in itself a process of application of judicial syllogism, throughout which norms of civil evidence plays a role. The discovery tion and application of norms of burden of proof and other norms of classification, interpreta- civil evidence have greatly enriched the traditional methodology of civil law. Norms of evidence in civil code can help the implementation of civil rights and increase the types of norms of civil law. Norms of evidence in civil law mainly include those on general independent specification of burden of proof, presump- tions of civil legal rights, presumption of civil legal facts and reversion of burden of proof. The latter three kinds of norms must be stipulated separately in the civil law.