云南省马铃薯不同种植模式的产量及效益分析

Production and Benefit Analysis of Various Potato Cropping Patterns in Yunnan Province

云南马铃薯种植有明显的多样性,种植季节和模式几乎涵盖了中国从海南省到黑龙江省的所有类型,2 400 m以上的高海拔地区马铃薯以春播一季净作为主,是低海拔地区的种薯供给地,效益明显好于青稞、荞麦等作物;1 400~2 400 m的中海拔地区,有春作、秋作和早春作,不同季节又有净作和间套作;净作中产值比烤烟略低,但明显高于水稻、玉米等作物;马铃薯与其它作物间作套种是该区域主要的栽培模式,可以大大提高土地、温光水肥的利用效率,增强抗灾能力。1 400 m以下地区,马铃薯以一季冬作为主,主要是水稻-冬马铃薯的水旱轮作模式和甘蔗/马铃薯套作模式,夏季种植水稻解决粮食,冬季种植马铃薯增加收入,使冬马铃薯成为该类地区农民重要的经济来源。东南亚国家有大量的冬闲田,水稻-冬马铃薯的水旱轮作模式在东盟这些国家具有重要的推广价值。

Potato planting in Yunnan Province had distinct diversity. The potato planting seasons and patterns in Yunnan Province included almost al the Chinese patterns from Hainan Province up to Heilongjiang Province. In the high altitude areas of more than 2400 m asl, spring cropping with monoculture system came to be the main cropping pattern and provided seed potatoes to low altitude areas. The economic benefit of potato was much better than highland barley and buckwheat. In the middle altitude areas from 1400 to 2400 m asl, various planting seasons existed, including spring, autumn, and early spring planting, and various planting patterns were included, monoculture, intercropping and interplanting. Although the production value of potato was a bit lower than tobacco, it was obviously higher than many contemporaneous crops, such as rice and maize. Intercropping and interplanting could greatly improve utilization efficiency of soil, temperature, light, water and fertilizer, and also increase ability of plants to resist disaster. In the altitude areas lower than 1400 m asl, winter cropping for one season was the dominating cropping pattern of potato. It included rice-winter potato rotation system and sugarcane potato intercropping. Rice planting in summer could provide food for farmers, while potato planting in winter could increase the income. Therefore, winter potato had became the main economic resource for farmers in those areas. The countries of Southeast Asia have a lot of winter fal owing fields, so rice-winter potato rotation pattern might have significant promotional values.