论道教五岳神与国家祭祀五岳神的首次完整交融——以北宋五岳观为中心

The First and Complete Mingling of Wuyueshen in Taoism and National Sacrifice——A research based on Wuyue Temple in Beisong Dynasty

自秦汉以来,五岳列在祀典,为国家祭祀之重要神祇;五岳也是道教的名山灵地,有着自己的祭祀体系。两类祭祀系统最初各行其是,至唐时司马承祯力图将五岳真君列为五岳正真之神,但并未能取代传统国家祭祀之五岳神祇。直至北宋真宗大中祥符五年,在东京开封设立五岳观,以五岳之神为奉祀主体,其与五岳所在地国家祭祀的五岳之神有着明显的对应关系,这样,道教五岳神与以儒教为基础的国家祭祀五岳神首次二位一体,融会于一身,完成了道教与儒教五岳神的首次真正完整融合。

Wuyue was the main national sacrifice temple since Qin and Han Dynasties ; meanwhile, it was the famous and epiphany place in Taoism. These two sacrificial systems played their roles respectively until to the Tang Dynasty when Sima Chengzhen tried to rank Wuyuezhenjun as the unique Wuyueshen, but in vain. Up to the Beisong Dynasty in the period of Zhenzong Dazongxiangfu 5, Wuyue Temple was set up in Kaifeng, respecting Wuyueshen as the main sacrifice subject, which had a corresponding relationship to the national Wuyueshen. Consequently Wuyueshen which was based on Taoism and the one based on governmental Confu- cianism united into a complete one, achieving a mingling of two main beliefs in ancient China.