不作为侵权行为辨析

Research on Omission in Tort Law

作为与不作为之分是侵权行为的重要分类,与作为相比,不作为侵权行为的认定更为复杂和困难。考诸作为与不作为区分标准的各种理论和观点,从行为人违反义务性质的角度进行区分具有合理性,即只有违反在先的积极作为义务方构成不作为侵权行为,因此积极作为义务是不作为的核心问题。在观察和借鉴域外经验的基础上,我国侵权法应确立的积极作为义务可以从四个角度界定:被告与事故发生地的关系,被告与造成损害的动产的关系,被告与实际加害人的关系,被告与受害人的关系。如果不存在这些关系,法律是否需要确定一个一般性的救助义务是一个须慎重对待的问题。

Omission is a complicated and difficult issue in tort law. It is most reasonable to deem positiveobligations as the key of identifying omission after examining all related viewpoints. Establishing positive obligations should depend on the relationship someone has with the place of the accident, with the movable object that cause the damage, with the tortfeasor, and with the victim. As for pure omission, it is a problem which needs to be cautiously considered.