美国马里兰州的精明增长政策

The Smart Growth Policy of Maryland State

20世纪70年代,美国兴起了以限制大都市区蔓延为目的的增长管理运动。90年代,该运动发展成一场内容更加广泛的精明增长运动。1997年,马里兰州议会通过了《精明增长和邻里保护总决议》,核心为"优先资助区法"和"乡村遗产法"。马里兰州精明增长政策的最大特征是以激励机制为主。这既不同于加州自下而上的分散的增长管理政策,也不同于俄勒冈州自上而下的具有强制力的增长管理政策,属于第三条道路。这一特征的优点在于减少了地方政府的抵制,但不足是缺乏强制性的管制机制,政策不能得到有力的贯彻执行,导致其效果大打折扣。

The low density sprawls of American metropolises have resulted in severe economic,social,and ecological consequences.Thus,in the 1970 s,there was a drastic change in the ethics of development of the U.S.,and a growth management and smart growth movement began.In order to solve relevant problems which were also afflicting other states,Maryland state implemented the first ' smart growth' code in the history of America,which was also the first code mainly resorting to incentive mechanism.It attracted the immediate attention of the American and foreign departments and scholars concerned.However,lacking mandatory regulations,the effect of the code was limited.