甲午战争期间日本的军费筹支

The Financial Mobilization of Japan during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

近代战争不仅是战场上的厮杀,更是交战各方国力及动员能力的较量。在甲午战争爆发初期,日本政府以及财界就巨额军费的筹措,有捐款说、内债说和外债说等主张。最终松方正义主张的内债说上升为国家意志。日本政府脱离和平时期的财政运作模式,在战争期间超常规地动员财政金融机器为战争筹资。明治政府在煽动国民民族主义情绪的同时,合理利用短期借贷、增加纸币供应、发行国债等近代金融手段,促使财界及民众在经济上支持战争,其中日本银行起到了关键作用。在中国大陆作战停止前,日军的绝大部分费用是通过日本银行短期周转,再以发行长期国债偿补的方式筹集。马关议和结束后,清朝的巨额赔款成为弥补日本在战争期间透支军费的财源。

Far more complex than military confrontations,modern warfare was comprehensive competition between participating powers in terms of overall national strength and efficiency of mobilization.At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895,there were disagreements about the collection of military expenditure among the officials of the Japanese government and financial sector.Eventually,maintained by Masayoshi Matsugata,issuing internal debt defeated other propositions,such as raising donation or borrowing external debt,etc.,and was accepted by the government.Hence,the government started to utilize special financial mechanism to raise money to wage the war.Besides agitating nationalism of the public,the Meiji government provided short-term loans,printed more money,and issued national debt,thereby gathering economic support from the financial sector and public.The role of the Bank of Japan was especially significant.The majority of military expenditure was borrowed from the Bank of Japan,then compensated by long-term government bonds until the end of war,and ultimately liquidated by the huge amount of war reparation from the Qing Dynasty stipulated by the Treaty of Shimonoseki.