不同生态区播期对机插水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响

Effects of seeding date on yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and sunshine of mechanical transplanting rice in different ecological regions

为了明确河南省不同生态区稻-麦两熟制机插条件下,播期对不同品种类型水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响,以常规中熟中粳、常规和杂交迟熟中粳、常规早熟晚粳和迟熟中籼为材料,采用毯状小苗机插栽培方式,在豫南罗山、豫中新蔡、豫北原阳3个试点,通过分期播种试验,研究播期对不同品种类型水稻产量、生育期及温光源利用的影响。在试验设置的播期范围内,除了中熟中粳的产量在罗山和新蔡点是5月16日(第Ⅱ期)最高、在原阳点是5月11日(第Ⅰ期)最高外,常规和杂交迟熟中粳、常规早熟晚粳和迟熟中籼4种品种类型水稻的产量在各点均是5月11日(第Ⅰ期)最高,且随着播期的推迟呈逐渐下降趋势,但品种类型间和试点间下降的差异显著性不同。随着播期的推迟,同一试点品种类型间的产量差异呈逐渐增大趋势,杂交迟熟中粳的产量在各试点均是最高,且在每一期均极显著高于其他品种类型(P<0.01)。随着播期的推迟,不同品种类型水稻的拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期相应推迟,全生育期呈极显著缩短趋势(P<0.01);不同品种类型水稻全生育期的积温、日照时数及温光利用率均呈极显著的减少趋势(P<0.01);生育期的缩短主要表现在播种-拔节期的营养生长阶段。在河南省不同生态区稻麦两熟机插条件下,豫南稻区首选杂交和常规迟熟中粳,其次是早熟晚粳,适宜播期均为5月11日-5月25日;豫北沿黄稻区首选杂交迟熟中粳和中熟中粳,其次是常规迟熟中粳,适宜播期均为5月11日-5月21日。该研究结果为河南省不同生态区水稻生产机械化高产栽培及配套品种的科学选用与布局提供参考。

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding date and variety type on yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and sunshine under the rice-wheat cropping system in different ecological regions of Henan Province. Taking conventional medium-maturing medium Japonica rice variety, conventional and hybrid late-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties, conventional early-maturing late Japonica rice variety and hybrid late-maturing medium indica rice variety as experimental materials, high-yield cultivation method of mechanization planting of carpet seedlings was used in three different sites, i.e. Luoshan rice-growing district along the Huai River in,southern Henan Province, Xincai in central Henan Province and Yuanyang rice-growing district along the Yellow River in northern Henan Province. The effects of different seeding dates on yield, growth period and utilization of temperature and sunshine of mechanized planting rice were comparatively analyzed. Within the set range of seeding date in the experiment, except that the yields of conventional medium-maturing medium Japonica rice variety were highest for Luoshan and Xincai in the second sowing period（On May 16） and for Yuanyang in the first sowing period（On May 11）, the yields of conventional and hybrid late-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties, conventional early-maturing late Japonica rice variety and hybrid late-maturing medium indica rice variety were all highest in the first seeding period（On May 11） for every site, and it showed a trend of gradual decline along with the seeding date delaying（P〈0.01）, but significance differences were all different among different variety types and sites. With the delaying of seeding date, yield differences among variety types gradually increased in the same site（P〈0.01）, of which grain yield of hybrid late-maturing medium Japonica rice variety was the highest in every site, and was significantly higher than other variety types in each period. With the delaying of seeding date, the periods of jointing, heading and maturity of all varieties were correspondingly delayed, and whole growth period, and its accumulated temperature, sunshine hours and utilization rate of TPS all showed a significant decreasing trend（P〈0.01）. And the reduction of growth period along with the delaying of seeding date, was mainly in vegetative growth phase, i.e. from seeding to jointing stages. Therefore, under the condition of rice-wheat cropping system with mechanical planting in Henan Province, the preferred variety that was firstly chosen should be hybird and conventional late-maturing medium Japonica rice varieties in southern Henan, and the variety that was secondly chosen should be conventional early-maturing late Japonica rice variety, and their suitable seeding dates were all from May 11 to May 25. In the northern Henan, the preferred varieties should be the conventional late-maturing medium Japonica rice variety and medium-maturing medium Japonica rice variety, followed by conventional late-maturing medium Japonica rice variety, and their suitable seeding dates were all from May 11 to May 21. The result will provide a reference for the scientific division and the distribution of different rice variety types under mechanical high-yield cultivation and the choosing of its possible seeding date in different ecological areas in Henan Province.