意识形态话语涡流与五四女性主体性探询

Ideology and Female Subjectivity in May 4th Era

关于女性文学主体性的研究已有可观成果,但很少从意识形态角度探讨。若从意识形态与女性主体性关系考察,五四语境下至少有三套半话语系统:有"人"无"女"的民族主义、无"人"贬"女"的父权主义、无"人"捧"女"的消费主义,以及来不及实现"人权"与"女权"合一的女权主义,这些意识形态话语缠绕并规训着女性主体意识的生成。从母亲/同性认同和对男权的质疑这两个角度来考察五四女作家的性别主体表现,可发现镜像化的母亲/同性认同会固化女性弱者受害的角色认知;而对男权的控诉批判,虽获得了性别视角但建立的是两性对立的主体性,只能是性别觉醒的初级阶段;真正成熟的主体性应该是能够像凌叔华那样,既批判男权的劣根性也对女性的依附意识保持警觉。而在此基础上加入"实践主体"这一维度进行考察,则可突出地看到实践主体与经验主体、思维主体和言说主体之间的不平衡关系:它们很少齐头并进,有时一方超前,并会对落后的主体进行召唤提升;而失败的实践会动摇思维主体、削弱言说主体的表达,但反过来,实践主体的成就感和力量感也会推进前面三个主体的稳定成熟。当然,三主体也会在叙事缝隙中协同对实践主体进行反抗和修正。如此,通过分析多种意识形态在两两合谋、纠结斗争中对女性主体的询唤,以及主体对其认同改编的复杂情态,考察四个主体之间相互印证、引领、推进或错位甚至分裂的关系,来完善丰富女性文学主体性的研究。

Study of female subjectivity in Women＇s Literature have considerable achievements, but seldom discuss from the angle of ideology.In the context of the May 4th era, at least there were three and a half sets of discourse systems： nationalism, patriarchal, consumerism and feminist, they had winded and disciplined the women, and the corresponding results is： no female, debased female, touted female, half female.This article mainly discuss the female writer＇s subjectivty performance from the following three angles： mother/sister identity; query of the patriarchal; the subjectivity of experience, thinking, narrative and practice that are intertwined, analysis ideological struggle and the winding path of modern female gender subject consciousness.