“有+数量结构”:从客体观照到主体观照

"You(有)+quantity phrase" construction:From objective to subjective construal

格式"有+数量结构"(我一口气跑了有一千多米)中"有"体现出和领属动词"有"完全不同的句法特征。本文提出,该用法是领属"有"的主体化,即领属"有"所表示的控制关系从客体观照转变为主体观照。其概念特点和特殊的句法行为都表明它是语基成分,具有认识性特点。

You(有) in 'you + quantity phrase' construction,i.e.QUAN-you(e.g.我一口气跑了有一千多米/I ran you over 1000 meters with one breath) shows quite peculiar syntactic behavior,completely different from possessive verb you,i.e.POSS-you.Specifically,QUAN-you cannot take aspectual morphemes(e.g.le 了.zhe着,guo 过) or subject to indicate the possessor.Besides,QUAN-you does not occur in 'A-mei(没)-A' construction.Wen(2012) proposes that QUAN-you is a verb indicating informational focus and bleached from POSS-you.From the perspective of Cognitive Grammar,it is argued that this view is incorrect and that QUAN-you is a grounding element with epistemic judgment.It is further demonstrated that QUAN-you originates from the subjeetification of POSS-you.As a verb indicating possession,POSS-you profiles a reference point relationship sequentially scanned.The possessor functions as a reference point providing mental access to the entity possessed,namely the target in its dominion.This reference point relationship is construed with maximal objectivity since all the conceptual elements relevant to it(e.g.the possessor and possessed,mental access) are put on stage as the profiled process.The repeated use of 'you + quantity phrase' construction is motivated by the subjectification of the onstage reference point relationship designated by POSS-you.Specifically,the profiled reference point elaborated by the conceptualizer and its mental access to the possessed entity are offstage,unprofiled and implicit.As a result,QUAN-you only profiles the quantified target which remains onstage and focused.The peculiar syntactic behavior of QUAN-you is merely symptomatic of this conceptual characterization.Its epistemic status arises from the speaker and hearer's mutual assessment of this quantified entity.A conspicuous contrast between POSS-you and QUAN-you resides in whether or not the respective reference points are accorded focal prominence.The former is construed as trajector whereas the latter is defocused and remains covert.This analysis is not consistent with the subjectification hypothesis,which suggests trajector/landmark alignment specified by linguistic expressions remains unchanged when they undergo subjectification.This paper hypothesizes that the inconsistency is motivated by the syntax of Chinese,a pro-drop language.Furthermore,the quantity phrase following QUAN-you tends to designate subjectively large number.This subjective largeness tendency might be encouraged by the widespread use of adverbs modifying quantity to indicate subjective smallness(e.g.zhi 只,jinjin 仅仅,cai 才,jiu就).Meanwhile,the conceptual connection between POSS-you and QUAN-you poses difficulties to the mainstream syntactic theories which hypothesize lexical and functional categories are distinct and clearcut.However,Cognitive Grammar can readily capture the properties of this transcategorial polysemy.Briefly,QUAN-you is an extension from POSS-you.Both of them are categorized as instances of a more schematic 'you' with unspecified reference point characterization.